资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
6G将让世界更紧密****** 【专家访谈】 6G将让世界更紧密 ——专访中国工程院院士邬江兴 光明日报记者 陈海波 张晓华 在“共建网络世界、共创数字未来”的倡导下,乌镇峰会正在汇聚数字技术创新的最新成果和最新思考。作为未来数字世界的“超级基础设施”,第六代移动通信技术(6G)引人瞩目。6G如何更好地服务世界、造福人类,共创合作共赢的美好明天?记者就此专访了中国工程院院士、复旦大学大数据研究院院长邬江兴。 6G将开启可持续包容发展新范式 4G和5G已经得到广泛应用,6G还有必要研发吗?这是很多人的困惑。 “如果用一句话来形容,6G将改变世界。”邬江兴笃定地告诉记者,这个改变是建设性、包容性的改变,是用科技创新的力量,弥合数字鸿沟、连接信息孤岛、兼顾各方诉求、以智慧化赋能可持续发展。 为何对6G如此自信?邬江兴作了一番比较:6G不仅能提供50倍于5G的峰值传输速率,还可以将4G时代人与人的高速互联、5G时代人与物的广泛连接,拓展到“人机物智”的充分连接、各种制式网络的包容连接、全球范围的无缝连接,助力人类社会实现“万物智联、数字孪生、智慧涌现、健康有序”的美好愿景。 “6G将创建‘底座网络’,也就是构建一个‘网络之网络’、一个‘服务网络的网络基础设施’,可以把各种制式的网络融合到一个全新的基础网络环境里面,支持多种网络体制及业务以应用模态方式共生共存。”邬江兴说,6G将为全球数字未来提供一套“公共服务”,不同诉求将在其上聚集成安全可信、合作多赢的共同体。 作为面向2030年之后全维空间智能网联基础设施的重要支撑技术,6G可实现更为广泛的空天地海连接,实现更高速率的跨界融合与场景智联,提供更具有弹性、韧性、安全内生的基础网络服务。“因此,6G不会再沿袭传统的几近疯狂的追求性能提升的理念,而是着力探索可持续健康发展的新路径、新范式。”邬江兴说。 关于新路径、新范式,邬江兴预测,6G将融合人工智能、卫星互联、新型材料、网络安全、虚拟现实等技术,打造包容、多元、安全、高效的底座网络生态环境,探索和开辟“性能可靠、成本可担、能耗可控、安全可信、效益可期”等多目标协同的可持续包容性网络发展新范式。通过构建全维可定义的开放式体系,不仅能避免网络升级换代成本,而且能够向下兼容,将3G、4G、5G时代的网络设施和服务“无感迁移”到新的网络环境中,还能为各种新兴应用场景、垂直行业提供“即插即用”式的底座网络接口,支持电信运营商、服务提供商以及不同国家和地区基于个性标准或自有体系的个性化、分众化需求,为人类社会提供更丰富多彩、更安全可靠的智慧服务。 发展6G需要突破广义功能安全壁垒 6G要实现广泛应用,一个不能忽视的问题是信息安全。“在看到科技改变生活、改变社会的同时,也要正视可能出现的潜在风险,防范在前。”邬江兴呼吁。 据他介绍,6G将实现各种智能化技术的大规模应用,其中蕴含了“三重安全风险”,表现为共性安全问题、个性安全问题、广义功能安全问题,其根源是网络空间的“漏洞”“后门”问题向物理空间、认知空间外溢,不但会危及人民群众生命财产安全,而且会影响关键基础设施安全、社会安全稳定。 “6G要实现全球化商用,必须突破广义功能安全壁垒,只有实现了安全可信,才能推进6G技术的健康可持续发展。如果技术上不能有效抑制基于‘漏洞’‘后门’等网络攻击,国家安全问题就会成为6G发展难以逾越的鸿沟。”邬江兴说。 当前我国在6G安全领域已经取得了突破性进展,尤其在内生安全领域已获得全球认同。邬江兴指出,内生安全理论解决了网络安全无法量化设计、不能量化评估的世界性难题,让大家对网络安全性能“心中有底”。以内生安全技术为独特禀赋的6G,将直面智能化时代“三重安全风险”,以高可信、高可靠、高可用的创新思路冲破壁垒,为全球网络空间互联互通、共享共治贡献中国智慧和中国方案。 《光明日报》( 2022年11月10日 10版) (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |